Sign up to our free Living Well email for advice on living a happier, healthier and longer lifeLive your life healthier and happier with our free weekly Living Well newsletterLive your life healthier and happier with our free weekly Living Well newsletterA common belief is that a slowing metabolism is solely responsible for weight gain in middle age and beyond.However, that is a widespread assumption – and its accuracy often remains unclear. Amidst a deluge of health advice and fluctuating diet trends, Mr Matyas Fehervari, a consultant bariatric surgeon at Nuffield Health with extensive experience in metabolic issues, offers clarity. He aims to demystify the intricacies of metabolism, explain how it evolves with age, and outline practical strategies for maintaining its health into later life.open image in galleryMost people’s metabolisms remain stable for decades and only begins to slow slightly after around 60, say experts (Alamy/PA)What is a metabolism and a metabolic rate?“Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that keep our bodies functioning – from converting food into energy to repairing cells and supporting organ function,” says Fehervari. “The metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses to maintain these vital processes.“Even when you’re resting, your body is still working to keep your heart beating, lungs breathing, and brain active – this is known as your basal metabolic rate (BMR).”What are some misconceptions about metabolism?“One of the biggest myths is that people with a “fast” metabolism can eat whatever they like without gaining weight,” says Fehervari. “In reality, differences between individuals are usually modest.”Another common misconception is that metabolism alone determines someone’s body weight.“Weight regulation is shaped by a complex network of factors extending far beyond calorie burning,” explains Fehervari. “These include diet quality, muscle mass, sleep, and physical activity, but also deeper physiological mechanisms such as changes in bile flow, adjustments in stomach function and size, nerve (vagal) signalling, and the modulation of gut hormones.“The gut microbiome also plays a vital role, influencing how efficiently we extract energy from food, how bile acids are processed, and how our metabolism functions overall.”Furthermore, some people assume that metabolism steadily declines after early adulthood, however, Fehervari says “large, high-quality studies show it remains remarkably stable for decades before gradually slowing later in life”.How does our metabolism change with age?“Metabolism isn’t a straight downward curve,” says Fehervari. “A major study published in Science in 2021, involving over 6,000 people, showed that energy expenditure peaks in infancy – when it can be over 50% higher than in adults – then gradually declines until around age 20.“From the 20s through to around 60, metabolic rate remains remarkably stable when adjusted for body size and composition. After 60, there tends to be a slow but measurable decline.”open image in galleryCrash dieting, not eating well and inactivity also contribute to weight gain – and more so in later life (Getty Images/iStock)What are the reasons for the decline at 60 onwards?“After 60, metabolic rate typically decreases by about 0.7 per cent per year,” says Fehervari. “The main reasons are loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), reduced physical activity, and subtle hormonal shifts such as lower levels of growth hormone and sex hormones.“Mitochondrial efficiency – the body’s energy-producing machinery – may also decline slightly with age. It’s not that your body “forgets” how to burn energy, rather it becomes a little less efficient at doing so.”What lifestyle factors impact your metabolism?Several lifestyle habits can either support or slow metabolic function.Low muscle mass or inactivity“Muscle tissue burns more energy than fat, even at rest,” explains Fehervari.Crash dieting“Severe calorie restriction can temporarily suppress metabolic rate,” says Fehervari.Poor sleep“Poor sleep can alter hunger and energy-regulating hormones such as leptin and ghrelin,” notes Fehervari.Chronic stress“Elevated cortisol can promote fat storage and affect energy use,” says Fehervari.Smoking and excessive alcohol“Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can both impair cellular metabolism and hormone balance,” says Fehervari.Is it actually possible to “boost” your metabolism?“There’s no magic pill or quick fix,” says Fehervari. “Temporary increases in energy expenditure can occur after exercise or with caffeine, but these are modest. The most effective, evidence-based way to maintain a healthy metabolism is to preserve muscle mass and stay active throughout life.”How can we look after our metabolism as we get older?open image in galleryKeeping active later in life is key to keeping healthy (PA)Stay active“Combine aerobic activity like brisk walking or cycling with resistance training to maintain muscle,” recommends Fehervari.Prioritise protein“Eat enough protein, especially in later life, to support muscle repair and prevent sarcopenia,” advises Fehervari.Avoid extreme diets“Sustained, balanced nutrition keeps metabolic processes steady,” says Fehervari.Sleep well“Aim for seven to nine hours to support hormonal and energy balance,” advises Fehervari.Manage stress“Mindful activities and social connections reduce cortisol’s long-term effects,” says Fehervari.Regular check-ups“Thyroid, vitamin D, and hormonal imbalances can all influence energy metabolism, so I would recommend regular check-ups,” says Fehervari.In conclusion:“Your metabolism does not inevitably “crash” with age, it remains stable for decades and only begins to slow slightly after around 60,” says Fehervari. “Much of that change is due to muscle loss and lifestyle, not age alone. By staying active, eating well, and maintaining strength, most people can keep their metabolism healthy well into later life.”
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Metabolism not the only reason for weight gain in midlife – lifestyle factors also play a part
